Brexit has opened a new era in British politics. Economic uncertainties and a potential slowdown in investment are likely to stay with us in the short to medium term. The Chancellor has made clear that he is prepared to “reset” fiscal policy after Brexit, and the Prime Minister announced the launch of a “proper industrial strategy.” Energy efficiency is a perfect fit for both plans—now is the right time for a major investment in upgrading the U.K.’s inefficient building stock.
Independent analyses show that, when compared to infrastructure projects like the first phase of HS2 and the rollout of smart meters, energy efficiency provides very comparable monetary benefits, even without quantifying many of the social benefits of energy efficiency, such as improved health and well-being. Yet, “we are underinvesting in energy efficiency,” as Dr. Lawrence Summers, former U.S. Treasury Secretary, put it in a keynote address to the World Built Environment Forum earlier this year.
An ambitious investment programme for energy efficiency will create new jobs, support the construction sector, and reduce consumers’ energy bills, which allows them to spend more and, in turn, helps the economy.
Others Have Done This Before
There are many precedents for using public investment in energy efficiency as an economic stimulus. Major economies have previously identified energy efficiency as a key target area for public investment in times of economic downturn. Probably the two most prominent examples are the U.S. and Germany.
Following the 2008 economic crisis, the German government announced the largest economic stimulus programme since World War II, including £2.6bn in additional funding for energy efficiency. The main purpose of the programme was to help the struggling construction sector and support jobs.
Similarly, in February 2009, the U.S. Congress passed, and the President signed into law, an economic stimulus package costing an estimated $787 billion over two years. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) includes the single largest investment in energy efficiency in U.S. history, with approximately £13 billion allocated specifically for efficiency.
There are good reasons for using investment in energy efficiency as a vehicle to stimulate the economy—the macroeconomic benefits of public energy efficiency programmes have been illustrated by economists time and time again.
Economic Case also Stacks up in the UK
Analyses of energy efficiency investment in the U.K. context come to similar conclusions:
- Verco and Cambridge Econometrics estimate that, if delivered as part of a major infrastructure investment programme, for every £1 invested by government, the return is £3.20 through increased GDP, resulting in increased employment of up to 108,000 net jobs per annum.
- A recent study by Frontier Economics calculates that an energy efficiency infrastructure programme could generate £8.7 billion in net benefits to the economy.
- Focusing on solid wall insulation investment, the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) and Ricardo Energy & Environment show that a government-funded loan scheme could achieve significant employment and economic impacts.
The evidence suggests that programmes with a high degree of leverage, such as loan schemes, are likely to deliver the largest net effects, due to relatively low subsidy cost compared to the total investment created.
The available evidence suggests that the job creation from investing in energy efficiency is two to four times larger than creation from investing in the fossil fuel-based energy supply sector, expressed in units of energy saved/produced. This is because of the higher labour intensity of the energy efficiency industry and its supply chain. Investments in energy efficiency also compare favourably to renewable energy, as the investment costs are offset to some extent or even completely by the energy savings.
Fiscal Net-Benefits Rather Than Costs
Programmes supporting the installation of energy efficiency measures typically incur a cost in the form of subsidies as well as lost value added tax income due to reduced energy consumption. However, those costs are offset to some extent by tax receipts and other revenue streams generated as a result of the activities promoted under an efficiency programme. The main contributors to those positive fiscal impacts are value added tax paid by households taking up energy efficiency measures, income tax paid by employees working along the supply chain, additional corporate tax paid by the companies indirectly benefiting from the subsidies through reduced relative cost of the technologies they supply and install, and the avoided cost of paying unemployment benefits to workers who were not working previously.
We have known for some time from the German KfW loan scheme that public subsidies are more than offset by the increase in tax revenues and savings in welfare spending due to lower unemployment. There is now an emerging evidence base showing similar effects in Ireland, Croatia and in two studies for the U.K.
Now is the Time to Do This in the UK
The economic uncertainty caused by the Brexit vote will prevail for some time until Britain’s new status becomes clearer. At the same time, there will be no energy efficiency programme for the able-to-pay sector after 2017, and funds for fuel poverty alleviation are falling short of the threshold needed to achieve the target. The economic evidence is clear—energy efficiency provides a golden opportunity for economic stimulus in the U.K. Major economies around the world have proven that this creates jobs and boosts industry. Government borrowing costs are at historic lows, allowing investments to be made at much lower cost. Now is the time for the British government to take a bold step and deliver an energy efficiency revolution.
Photo credit: Marcela Gara, Resource Media
